The fact you are asking this question suggests you are not sure what purpose filters serve. What are you trying to accomplish?
Filters are not as important as they were with film cameras. About the only filters needed these days are circular polarizers and ND filters - if you do some wacky things. UV filters are fine for protecting your lens, but they do little to prevent haze.
A circular polarizer is good for cutting down on glare, mostly reflected sunlight; if you are shooting through a glass pane, or want to see down into the water, cut down on reflections off waves, or don't want a hot-spot reflection from a car window. They circular polarizers are great for that. They can also deepen a blue sky, but that is not their primary purpose.
Be careful though. There are circular polarizers and linear polarizers. Linear polarizers are only good for film cameras as they mess with a digital camera's exposure system, so for digital, you need a circular polarizer. As you might imagine, circular polarizers are more expensive.
So you need to do a little self-education on filters or you will be buying something you don't need or cannot use.
ND filters lower your camera's sensitivity. A good use for them is to get that milky bridal vial look in a waterfall, but only if your camera cannot expose a slow shutter speed correctly. Sometimes, especially in bright daylight, you cannot use a shutter speed low enough to get the effect, so that is when you would use a ND filter.
There are graduated ND filters too - which just lower the light in one half of the photo. They are useful for getting pseudo HDR photos without having to take multiple photos under certain conditions, such as landscapes when there are bright skies.
There are close up filters, star filters, and the like, but some of these effects can be done in-camera. Same thing for color filters, most of the time the color balance in your camera can accomplish what a filter will.
But don't put cheap filters on an expensive lens - you need to buy at least as good quality of a filter as the lens itself. B + W and perhaps Hoya are decent, but they are expensive, and you will only likely be able to buy one filter for what you have budgeted.
Stay away from the discount brands, they are a waste of money. If you buy on eBay, only buy B + H, Hoya, or sometimes Tiffen are OK. Any brand cheaper than those are junk.
Fact is, filters are an over-priced cash-cow for photo shops, so don't buy any more filters than you need.
Also if you have or are considering additional lenses, there is no one standard filter size. You might end up buying dozens of filters of the same kind but in different sizes, just to fit all of your lenses. If that sounds like you, find the largest filter on the lenses you own or expect to own, then buy that size filter. Then you can buy step-up rings very cheaply $5~$10 US, to allow you to use that filter on your smaller lenses.
The standard pro lens uses 77mm filters, and while the larger the filter, the more expensive, even buying one 77mm filter is less expensive than buying several of the same filter in different sizes to fit all of your lenses.